Chapter 2: Cells/Cytology, The Building Blocks
Germ Cells: haploid (23 single chromosomes), oocyte and sperm
Somatic Cells: diploid (23 pairs of chromosomes), everything else
Cell membrane (plasma membrane or plasmalemma)
Structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol and more
Function: physical isolation, regulates exchange with environment, structural support
Permeability (key terms: diffusion, concentration gradient, osmosis, filtration, facilitated diffusion, active transport, ATP, endocytocis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis)
Cytoplasm: everything inside the cell both cytosol and organelles
Cytosol: intracellular fluid
Organelles: all the solid stuff
Nonmembranous: cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, flagella, ribosomes
Membranous
Mitochondria: ATP production. Started out as a separate organism. Has its own DNA and its replication is not governed by the nucleus.
Mitochondria are derived from the mother (oocyte), hence mitochondrial DNA is only from the mother. (If you watch CSI then you know this).
Nucleus: Control center; nuclear membrane, nucleolus, chromatin
Endoplasmic reticulum: Synthesis, storage and transport
Two types, rough and smooth
Smooth: lipids and carbohydrate synthesis
Rough: protein synthesis, rough because of attached ribosomes
Golgi apparatus: synthesis and packaging of secretions and enzymes, renewal of cell membrane, lysosome production
Tight: prevents passage of material between the cells
Gap: allows communication between adjacent cells, found in cardiac, smooth muscle and some neural tissue
Desmosome: accomplished by cell adhesion molecules (CAMS), very strong, found in skin
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Be familiar with clinically related terms on p. 48
